نشریه علوم اجتماعی
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1383)

The purpose of this article is to explore the thoughts of Jurgen Habermas. To do so, the writer begins with .a biography of Habermas, and ends with a description of his role as the main architect of the new critical theory. The writer discusses the following main concepts and themes: revising the views of the predecessors, labor and language, general view oF knowledge, a new classification of knowledge, position and role of sciences and hermeneutics. criticism of certain views of Karl Marx. historical materialism, evolution, criticism of certain views of Marx Weber, rationalism, modernity, criticism in the service of social development, theory of systems and rationalization. modernity costs, reconstruction costs, cultural barrenness, new social movements, criticism as a duty, revealing the distorted situations, the ideal status of discourse, an analysis oF the modern capitalism, negative Utopia, the theory of crises, maladies of the world of life. in defense of modernism.

Abstract Previous Research have shown that physical and mental illness and mortality are influenced by class status, material life standards, genetics and infection, but today social context attracted attention. In this paper social capital as a composition of social trust, support and relations seen as a mental health determinant. The aim of this paper is examining the relationship between social capital and mental health. Using survey method among a sample including 304 University students in Mashhad in 1387-1388 academic year, data were gathered. Results showed that social trust, support and relations, self-esteem and mental health promoting behaviors as independent variables don't have significant effect on anxiety and severe depression simultaneously, however interactions between trust, support and relationship has significant effect on the 2 dependent variables. Further analysis showed that self-esteem has negative effect on depression and household income, social trust and mental health promoting behaviors had negative effect on anxiety.

The purpose of this article was to study, from a sociological point of view, the factors affecting commitment of Shiraz high school students to religious values. The study was carried out within the theoretical framework of Weber, Parsons, Inghart and Mead. The data was collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 380 high school students in Shiraz in the academic year 2001-2002. Independent variables in this study were as follows: population variables including age and sex; variables related to the socio-economic basis including Father's job, parents' education, field of study, father's income; welfare facilities; variables related to the agents affecting the social acceptance of religious values including parents, peer groups, inside-school factors (teachers of religious education, students' council, etc.) and the variable of the amount of using the mass media for religious purposes. The dependent variable, that is, religion's value system, itself consists of religious belief and religious behavior. The effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable was measured and the results showed that most of the variables had a significant relationship with the dependent variable and that the students' degree of commitment to religious values is above average.

Legitimacy is among the factors that bring stability and effectiveness to a political system. In this article, the writer argues that there is a stronger tendency to keep and amend the basic rules of the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran than to change and replace them. Also, there is a stronger tendency to amend the present rules than to keep them as they are. Political legitimacy, the writer observes, has four dimensions: political attachment, political commitment, confirmation of the legitimacy of the rules, and confirmation of the social benefit of the rules. According to the writer, the latter dimension, which guarantees the citizens' rights in the constitution, is weaker than the other dimensions, and that the mean of political legitimacy stands a bit above average on a scale oF zero to 100. The comparison of the mean of political legitimacy in the three cities mentioned above, specially based on age, education and party affiliation (conservatism/reformism). it becomes clear tl' of the assessments of the basic rules of Iran by the three political grou conservatists, reformists and radicals, the. reformists' approach is the on option that the government can take to amend its loss of political legitimacy.

The purpose of this article is to study the problems facing the girls and women between 18 and 50 years of age in the city of Mashhad. The number of the subjects was 470, and sampling was done in two stages and randomly and based on a reasonable proportion. The problems were described using foul- indices: absolute depravation, relative depravation, general depravation and self actualization deficiency. In the statistical society under study, the typical woman was about 31 years old, housewife, belonging to a lower middle class. whose husband had only one wife, completing grade 10 of high school, with an average of two children, whose first child was born ten years ago. The subjects described their problems to be economic, social, cultural, legal and natural, and in that order. They considered themselves as deprived from all the three forms of depravity, deprived from an economical point of view, deprived from others' support and deprived from educational opportunities, and in that order. As the ages of women in the sample increases, the degree of their depravity increases loo, while the degree of their absolute depravity is directly linked with tl7eir education. They consider studying as an escape from their problems, most ol' which are economic. An improvement in the present economic state has the greatest role in decreasing all forms of depravity, and the father's level of education, has the greatest reverse relationship with selfactUcili/.ation deficiency in unmarried cirls and women.

The purpose of this study is to compare socialization factors affecting youth political participation in Shiraz. This study was done using a survey method. The data was collected using a questionnaire, completed by 888 young people living in Shiraz. The results show that age and sex do not bring about a significant difference in the level of political participation. Parents and friends’ participation had the strongest relationship with young adult activities. These variables with media and ICT use as well as the open atmosphere in the school environment turned out to have a significant relationship with adolescents’ political participation. The weight of different socialization factors was also different for female and male adolescents, but it was not the case for young adults.

The basic question addressed in this article is: "Why do university teachers in departments of humanities show less inclination than their counterparts in other departments to carry our research projects inside and outside the university?" The results of the study showed that the following factors have an effect on the inclination of members of the teaching staff of universities to carry out research projects: teachers' understanding of the obstacles to the implementation of "research projects, the definition of research in their field, attitude toward research in their field, existing opportunities for scientific activities.

The results of the present research show that coinmitting delinquencies inside and outside the school is increasingly common among junior high school third grade students in Khorassan province. A comparison of boys and girl students shows that girls commit considerably less delinquencies than boy students. A study of the reasons of delinquencies inside the school shows that the following factors have a deterring role: students' commitment to religious practices, their attitude toward the principal and 'the assistant, a positive social image of themselves. Also. the following factors were shown to have negative effects: violent behavior of the school authorities, lack of satisfaction of social needs c school, a high degree of leisure time, good. economic situation of families, i study of delinquencies outside the school also shows that students' commitmer to religious practices, their attitude toward the principal and the assistant, positive social image of themselves, satisfactory academic achievement, have deterring role. On the other hand, the following factors encourage th commitment of delinquencies: good economic situation, problems resultin from lack of satisfaction of social needs, discriminatory behavior of the parent: discord between the parents, violent behaviors at home, parents' educatiol considerable leisure and the feeling ofthe existence ofanomie in the society.

In sociology as well as in all humanities courses, the subject of all studies and dialogues is man and his issues. This is the result of the efforts of a great number of philosophers and other scholars after the Renaissance, especially after the age of enlightenment, who paved the way for the rise of modernism as they merged into one another. In this article, the writer, while describing the status and condition of man in the modern era, examines the criticisms of postmodernists leveled at man. The questions of the research were answered using the content analysis method and by referring to documents. It became clear that the two approaches of modernism and postmodernism are different from each other with regard to their four important concepts of "self', "man's capability of cognition", "freedom" and "human rights". Finally, the writer discusses the findings of the research to present a picture of man in the modern age.